imaginima/E+ via Getty Images

imaginima/E+ via Getty Images

Food systems are struggling to contend with mounting threats presented by the pandemic, unfavorable commodity pricing, warfare, labor shortages, and worsening climatic conditions. As a result of these compounding factors, food prices are high and food availability is declining. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), international food prices reached an all-time high in February 2022, and the number of people facing food insecurity globally increased by an estimated 32% in 2021. 1,2 Recent events not only expose current vulnerabilities in agricultural supply chains but also reveal how long-term trends could render the world unprepared to feed future populations. In this piece, we discuss current vulnerabilities in global food systems and explain how existing agricultural technology (AgTech) could help secure the world’s future food supply.

Together, Russia and Ukraine account for significant portions of global agricultural exports, including about 30% of the wheat trade.3 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) forecasts the war to cut Russian and Ukrainian wheat exports by 12%.4 Lower exports will translate into higher food prices in the United States, but for other countries the impact could be much more dire. About 50 countries rely on Russia and Ukraine for at least 30% of their wheat imports, and 26 of these countries depend on them for over half of their wheat supplies.5 Warfare is also likely to disrupt global trade of sunflower oil, maize, and barley, as well as supplies for agricultural inputs.

Russia is the largest exporter of nitrogen-based fertilizer and a top producer of most other nutrient types, including potassium and phosphorous.6 In response to sanctions, the Russian government suspended fertilizer exports, a move that exacerbates pre-existing shortages.7 As a result, farmers worldwide are scrambling to secure adequate supplies of nutrients before the spring planting season. The fertilizer scarcity prompted the USDA to create a new $250 million grant program that supports domestic fertilizer production, set to begin this summer.8

Rising oil and gas prices also affect agricultural margins. Prices for diesel fuel, which farmers rely on to run heavy-duty equipment, have increased about 25% in the United States since the invasion began.9 Additionally, high natural gas prices contribute to concerns of increasing fertilizer prices. Natural gas prices account for 75–90% of total costs associated with nitrogen fertilizer, so elevated commodity pricing directly translates into more expensive fertilizer.10 All together the Russia-Ukraine conflict could cause food prices to rise 8%–22%, leading to food insecurity for tens of millions more people.11

Supply chain disruptions, increasing input costs, and varied worker availability have tormented food producers over the last two years. Unfortunately, consumers bear the brunt of these pandemic-related effects. Higher prices and limited supplies have doubled global food insecurity since 2020.12 In the United States, food insecurity affects 15% of the population, up from 11% before the pandemic.13,14

Current labor shortages are often associated with the pandemic; however, they are also part of a secular trend. A June 2021 survey from Purdue University found that 66% of respondents reported difficulty finding workers to fill agricultural jobs, more than double the rate found in a comparable June 2020 survey.15 Additionally, according to the National Agriculture Statistical Service and the USDA, the number of self-employed farmworkers in the United States declined 73% from 1950 to 2000 while hired hands declined 52%.16 In more recent years, workers find higher-paying and less labor-intensive opportunities, leaving farms chronically shorthanded.17

The effects of extreme weather spurred by climate change on crop yields reflects another challenge for food production. In 2021, drought and extreme heat resulted in a 10% decline in wheat production in the United States and a 33% decline in average yield per acre of barley.18,19 Climate experts estimate that the ongoing drought in the western United States marks the worst in 1,200 years and attribute roughly 42% of the severity to climate change.20 Elsewhere, unusual precipitation and flooding in China created possibly the worst winter crop conditions on record and frost earlier in the year damaged Brazilian coffee yields.21,22 The destruction caused by natural disasters and the increasing variability in weather conditions appears likely to multiply in the coming decades as climate change impacts become more pronounced.23

AgTech strategies seek to improve agricultural production by minimizing inputs and maximizing outputs. Wider adoption of precision agriculture, agricultural robots, and controlled environment agriculture could alleviate some of the pressures created by long- and short-term trends.

Precision Agriculture: Technologies that increase crop yields while reducing the use of traditional agricultural inputs, such as fertilizer, herbicide, and water. Many of these techniques involve satellite imagery, Internet of Things (IOT) sensor monitoring, artificial intelligence (AI), and/or geographic information system (GIS) software.

An example of precision agriculture, Variable Rate Applications (VRA) involves a technique that caters resource usage to the specific characteristics of a piece of land. IoT sensors record and transmit data on factors such as crop health, soil properties, and nutrient levels to determine how many resources are needed for a given segment of the farm. AI-driven software then pairs this data with geographic information derived from satellite imagery or drones and provide instructions to farmers. This process potentially prevents farmers from wasting resources on healthy crops, of particular use in markets where inputs remain scarce and expensive.

To this end, VRA potentially reduces fertilizer use by more than 30%.24 Adoption of precision agriculture in the United States has improved fertilizer placement efficiency by an estimated 7%, and further adoption could lead to an additional 14% improvement.25 Precision agriculture also serves as an option to conserve water, herbicide, fuel, and other inputs.

Agricultural Robots (AgRobots): Autonomous technologies that help reduce farming inputs, such as labor. Examples of this technology include farming drones, automatic irrigation, and autonomous tractors.

Besides synergizing with precision agriculture and improving yields, AgRobots could assist with agricultural labor shortages. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that total employment of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers will decline 1% between 2020 and 2030, with an average of 84,000 job openings each year.26 Many farmers are expected to leave the workforce due to age or better opportunities, just as food production should accelerate.

The FAO estimates that the world needs to increase food production by 50% by 2050 due to population growth.27 Fortunately, technologies currently in development could transform farming into a more tech-heavy process rather than a labor-intensive one. Some farmers already use machines, such as drones, to administer agricultural inputs or autonomous crop pickers to increase productivity.28

AgRobots are also hitting the mainstream. Major equipment provider Deere recently announced that it plans to bring an autonomous tractor, controllable via a smart phone app, to market later in 2022.29 With up to 410 horsepower, this machine is designed to take on heavy-duty agricultural tasks, such as planting and tilling.30 Additional AgRobot product offerings from prominent equipment manufacturers could help normalize autonomous farming while addressing labor shortages.

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA): The use of modified indoor environments to optimize agricultural production. These techniques include, but are not limited to, vertical farming, greenhouses, hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.

CEA enclosures often remain protected from the elements and lack the same exposure to the irregular or severe weather patterns associated with climate change as traditional farms. CEA techniques also address climate change outcomes such as land degradation and water shortages. Overall, modified environments expand the useful area that can be used for agriculture, require a fraction of the land to produce the same output as traditional farms, and in the case of vertical farms, use 95% less water.31

In its latest report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identifies urban agriculture and vertical farming as possible adaption strategies for climate change.32 Additionally, because of land efficiency, CEAs can be positioned closer to population centers than traditional farms. Proximity to densely populated areas helps cut down on fossil fuel use in food transportation and less time in transit creates less spoilage.

Vulnerabilities are already evident in global food systems, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict presents even more challenges. However, AgTech can help stave off long-term food insecurity and counter geopolitical consequences. Further adoption of AgTech could facilitate more intelligent decisions about how to protect the world’s dwindling resources, which ultimately could mean feeding millions more people.

KROP: The Global X AgTech & Food Innovation ETF (KROP) seeks to invest in companies advancing innovation and the use of technology in the agriculture and food industries. This includes companies involved in the provision of agricultural technologies (“AgTech”) related to precision agriculture, agricultural robots and automation, controlled environment agriculture (e.g., vertical farming, hydroponics), and agricultural biotechnology, as well as those involved in food innovation activities related to protein/dairy alternatives and food waste reduction.

1. Dongyu, Q. (2022, March 11). Extraordinary meeting of the G7 agriculture ministers: Global food markets and prices [Presentation]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

2. Baquedano, F. G., Zereyesus, Y. A., Valdes, C., Ajewole, K. (2021, September 7). Food insecurity to increase in 2021 at a higher rate in lower income countries. S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

3. Dongyu, Q. (2022, March 11). Extraordinary meeting of the G7 agriculture ministers: Global food markets and prices [Presentation]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

4. United States Department of Agriculture. (2022, March 9). World agricultural supply and demand estimates [WASDE-622].

5. Dongyu, Q. (2022, March 11). Extraordinary meeting of the G7 agriculture ministers: Global food markets and prices [Presentation]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

7. Willis, O. (2022, March 14). Biden administration announces plan to help farmers as Russia suspends fertilizer exports. The American Independent.

8. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2022, March 11). USDA announces plans for $250 million investment to support innovative American-made fertilizer to give US farmers more choices in the marketplace [Press release].

9. YCharts. (2022, April 4). US retail diesel price. US Retail Diesel Price

10. Watts, W. (2021, October 9). Fertilizer prices soaring as natural-gas rally adds to ‘perfect storm’.

11. Dongyu, Q. (2022, March 11). Extraordinary meeting of the G7 agriculture ministers: Global food markets and prices [Presentation]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

12. Elkin, E., Smith, A. N., Gross, S. (2022, March 13). How Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is tearing apart the global food system.

13. Pattee, E. (2022, March 15). Covid exposed the cracks in the US food system – meet the people trying to fix them. The Guardian.

14. Elkin, E., Smith, A. N., Gross, S. (2022, March 13). How Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is tearing apart the global food system.

15. Mintert, J., & Langemeier, M. (2021, July 6). Ag economy barometer falls for second month; rising input costs causing concern for farmers. Center for Commercial Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University.

16. Ag America Lending. (2022, March 22). The U.S. farm labor shortage [Infographic].

18. Russell, A. (2021, September 8). Drought impacts U.S. wheat, barley, bean output: Texas crop and weather report – Sept. 8, 2021. AgriLife Today.

19. Masters, J. (2021, December 6). Extreme weather and pandemic help drive global food prices to 46-year high. Yale Climate Connections.

20. Newburger, E. (2022, February 14). Western drought fueled by climate change is the worst in 1,200 years, scientists say.

21. Kan, K., & Liu, J. (2022, March 22). China faces worst crop conditions ever due to climate change. Bloomberg News.

22. Bloomberg News. (2021, July 24). World’s food supplies get slammed by drought, floods and frost.

23. Working Group I. (2021, August 9). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J.B.R., Maycock, T.K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., & Zhou, B. (Eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press.

24. Colizzi, L., Caivano, D., Ardito, C., Desolda, G., Castrignanò, A., Matera, M., Khosla, R., Moshou, D., Hou, K.-M., Pinet, F., Chanet, J.-P., Hui, G., & Shi, H. (2020). Chapter 1: Introduction to agricultural IoT. In A. Castrignanò, G. Buttafuoco, R. Khosla, A. M. Mouazen, D. Moshou, & O. Naud (Eds.), Agricultural internet of things and decision support for precision smart farming (pp. 1-33). Academic Press. Redirecting

25. Association of Equipment Manufacturers. (n.d.) The environmental benefits of prevision agriculture in the United States: Executive summary and details [PowerPoint slides].

26. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections. (2021, October 22). Occupational outlook handbook: Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers – Job outlook. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

27. Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, United Nations Children’s Fund, World Food Programme, & World Health Organization. (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020: Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. The State of the World Series, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Document card | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

28. Kollewe, J., & Davies, R. (2019, May 26). Robocop: World’s first raspberry-picking robot set to work. The Guardian.

29. McCormick, J. (2022, January 4). Deere rolls out fully autonomous tractor at CES. The Wall Street Journal.

31. Welle, D. (2020, July 23). Farming in the desert: Are vertical farms the solution to saving water? EcoWatch.

32. Working Group II. (2022, March). Summary for policymakers. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Tignor, M., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., & Okem, A. (Eds.)] Cambridge University Press. In Press.

Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. The investable universe of companies in which KROP may invest may be limited. Narrowly focused investments will be more susceptible to factors affecting that sector and subject to more volatility. International investments may involve risk of capital loss from unfavorable fluctuation in currency values, from differences in generally accepted accounting principles or from social, economic or political instability in other nations. Emerging markets involve heightened risks related to the same factors as well as increased volatility and lower trading volume. KROP is non-diversified.

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